What Does Endangered Species Mean

An endangered species is a species of wild animal or plant that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.  A species is considered threatened if it is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future. What Is the Difference Between Threatened and Endangered Species? According to the U.S.  Endangered Species Act: Endangered refers to a species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.Threatened refers to a species that is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. On the IUCN Red List, threatened is a grouping of 3 categories: Critically EndangeredEndangeredVulnerable What Factors Cause a Species to Become Endangered? Destruction, modification, or restriction of habitat resulting from human activity such as agriculture, urban development, mining, deforestation, and pollutionHuman exploitation of a species for commercial, recreational, scientific, educational, or other purposes that results in critically diminished population numbersCompetition and/or displacement by invasive speciesDisease or predation by other animals to the extent that populations decline significantly Who Decides That a Species Is Endangered? The International Union for the Conservation of Nature is the global authority on endangered species determination. The IUCN compiles information from a network of conservation organizations to rate which species are most endangered, and this information is published in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.IUCN Regional Red Lists assess the risk of extinction to species in over 100 countries and regions around the world.In the United States, the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service work together to identify species that are in the greatest need of the protection provided by the Endangered Species Act. How Does a Species Become Listed as Endangered? The IUCN Red List conducts a detailed Assessment Process to evaluate extinction risk based on criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. Information included in the IUCN assessment is obtained and evaluated in coordination with IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups (authorities responsible for a specific species, group of species, or geographic area). Species are categorized and listed as followed: Extinct (EX) - No individuals remaining.Extinct in the Wild (EW) - Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.Critically Endangered (CR) - Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.Endangered (EN) - High risk of extinction in the wild.Vulnerable (VU) - High risk of endangerment in the wild.Near Threatened (NT) - Likely to become endangered in the near future.Least Concern (LC) - Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.Data Deficient (DD) - Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction.Not Evaluated (NE) - Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. Federal Listing Process Before an animal or plant species in the United States can receive the protection from the Endangered Species Act, it must first be added to the  List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife or the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants. A species is added to one of these lists via a petition process or a candidate assessment process. By law, any person may petition the Secretary of the Interior to add a species to or remove a species from the lists of endangered and threatened species. The candidate assessment process is conducted by US Fish and Wildlife Service biologists.

Petroleum Management Services For Drill Exploratory Wells...

On March 2008, BP submitted a request to The Mineral Management Service requesting to drill exploratory wells in the Mississippi Canyon Block 252 located in the Gulf of Mexico. By the following March, BP set forth plans to begin drilling the Macondo well, and was approved by the MMS on April 6, 2009. BP then leased a semisubmersible rig, named the Marianas, from Transocean and began drilling the well in earlier October of 2009. However, on November 9, 2009 the Marianas rig was damaged by Hurricane Ida and unfortunately had to be removed for repairs. Therefore, Marianas was replaced with the Deepwater Horizon rig in February 2010, to continue drilling exploratory wells. With the completion of the exploratory well, the Deepwater Horizon†¦show more content†¦BP’s officials inform the Schlumberger team that the cementing process went flawlessly. In the Deep Water report, â€Å"BP Wells Team Leader John Guide noted, â€Å"Everyone involved with the job on the rig site wa s completely satisfied with the job†Ã¢â‚¬  (National Commission, 4). With BP’s representatives heads held high on their supposed success of pouring the cement, they decide that they could omit the Schlumberger cement evaluation. In an effort to save time and money BP decided to fly the Schlumberger team back home via a helicopter later that same day. The rest of the afternoon would then be dedicated to positively and negatively-pressure testing the well for leaks. The Transocean crew began to perform the negative-pressure tests around 5 p.m., to test for leaks throughout the pipes. The negative-pressure test was performed to simulate the conductions the well would be faced with after the departure of the Deepwater Horizon. The crew begins by releasing the pressure in the well, and then they observe well to determine if the pressure changes inside the pipes indicating there are leaks. Unfortunately, the pressure in the well built back up, meaning there was a leak somew here. BP then chose to ignore this first sign of terror, one witness, reported he had seen this sort of thing happened before and he called it a â€Å"bladder effect† (National Commission, 6). BP deemed the

Structure and Culture of Small Medium Enterprises Free Essays

‘The category of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is made up of enterprises which employ fewer than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not exceeding 50 million euro, and/or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding 43 million euro.’ (Definition, 2011) Above explained is the new definition reconstructed by European Commission based on the developments to business environment. This was published in the year 2005 in their website further talking about the importance of SME’s to the European community in the report they issued. We will write a custom essay sample on Structure and Culture of Small Medium Enterprises or any similar topic only for you Order Now Looking further into how and why SMEs plays a major role in the business environment the report explains that, the 25 million SMEs provides 75 million jobs covering 99% enterprises in 25 European union countries. Nonetheless, SMEs has to face difficulties in capital and other important factors such as investment loans especially during the early stage which makes it less stable and short period existence for these types of businesses. (Introduction, 2011) However, some determined minds working through this field tend to survive the obstacles faced in the early stage and carry on with the other phases. Usually SMEs have less than 250 employees. This small community also has to have an intranet among them to be updated and connected to each another. One of the most common tools is paper based communication. Paper based communication requires plenty of paper, more procedure, and more time, which is less reliable and difficult to manage. It also has its advantage of having long time proof of records. But that is not the basic factor highly prioritized in today’s business world. As alternatives keeps the place tidy and stores the record internally in any hard disk or any software. Most importantly, company records are much safer where there is more IT involved. Though, communication is a basic factor in every business organization, not every company has established the latest technology of communication. Different industries or companies have communication process based on their level. Like, huge companies use modern and efficient and/or costly ways of communication whereas; small and medium enterprises (SMEs) use alternative modes which are cheaper and more procedure involved means of communication. This report is based on SME’s highlighting their ways of communication with their stake holders and most importantly, upon how they can improve the method of communication with lower cost. Instead of complicated communication systems these SMEs also could rely on more efficient ways which is more IT related. Among every possible upgrade the key factor for SMEs would be to analyze and go with the minimal cost plan. Executive Summary The introduction of the report explains about what exactly are SMEs. This highlights upon the business culture and structure also the methods they could apply in order to upgrade the existing techniques for an easier method of communication. Alongside, coming up with low cost upgrades as SMEs would not have huge amount in their turnover, moreover it would not be valuable for them for spend abundantly on communication within the organization. Hence, I have shared some opinions which they could rely on and at the same time which would fix into their budget. The report further gives explanations on how the SMEs could grow in its scale by following some method to aware the customers of its existence. And what other IT related yet cheaper ways in which they could keep records like, stock, daily sales and attendance. As far as record keeping is concern in a business organization, SMEs also needs to maintain daily stock report and sales report in a daily basis in order to avoid stock imbalance. If stock is not handled well as a daily/weekly, at the end of the year, missing stocks would be numerous and mysterious. This is going to be a hard task for the company to investigate specially for SMEs. The options elaborated in the report helps to identify some different techniques which help to standardize the majority of work done within the organization. The methods are been separately explained on how each can be utilized and the outcome result of it. Most of it talks about the efficient and effectiveness brought by using the methods. Like how to computerized the stock report and the result in quick search of a transaction or any stock details. Also methods on how the SMEs can reach their customers by spending the least amount on advertising. Structure and Culture of an SME SMEs are usually sole traders who have no more than 250 employees and less turnover of Rs50 million and below. (Fernando, R. 2003) The organizational behavior within the SMEs is less formal than of a larger organization. There are no specific standard followed by the employees. Where attendance maybe the only effective factor for any employee. These types of businesses are usually referred as bureaucratic organization, where the manager/owner has high authority in decision making in every aspect without any recommendation and knowledge by the staffs. For instance, owner decides how a shift would work; if/whether the interior has to be changed and to recruit more staffs and so on. Also he plays the leadership role in deciding how to contact with the customer. Like, if the purchase bills has to be made or not and if so how; printed receipts or manual. Taking a look at why smaller and medium enterprises have a less formal routine is due to cost cutting, result in manual work with cheaper materials to work and also they do not keep a record of day to day business other than the cash-flow. Cash flow records are also maintained in a log book where the cashier list down the items sold, each one separately till the end of the day. And what if a customer needs the receipt? They get a manual receipt with company stamped and purchase details hand written by the cashier, costing more time work and procedure. Meanwhile, the owner keeps a record of bulk purchase in his logbook noting it down after every purchase. This kind of record keeping is difficult to maintain if they want to find something quickly. Moreover, human errors and easy going behavior of a staff may lead to mysterious results of stock imbalance. The external communication; customer communication is preferably poor in SMEs as they do very less advertisements and direct approach to the customers are almost nil regarding its existence. Most of its customers may not know if they have a new stock or introduce a new brand and so on. To be in contact more with the customers is the only way a business can run successfully. But as I have mentioned earlier that SMEs would not prefer any expensive methods of communicating within its organization, below are some upgrades they could bring on in order to connect with the customers and have more efficient way of communicating within the organization. Additionally, some advanced system to keep record. Improved procedure within the business Method 1 Though it has been a tradition to SMEs to keep paper records, they could switch to more IT based information storage. The owner could purchase sales software which is user friendly and easy to train cashiers and/or related department like stores. The registration of the software can be made annually with an annual payment method based on the license to use it. Thus, stock can be maintained in this specific platform at the same time encoding items can result for easy access. Sales software would not be of high cost as it has to be paid annually and compared to the ease it makes in maintaining the majority of the work. Thus, the SME’s would save much time on stock maintaining in efficient way which is more effective; most importantly, with low cost. Method 2 If sales software is considered as high cost per annum simple spreadsheet documentation can be maintained by help of a Microsoft excel expert. Microsoft excel provides a solution to store and calculate the raw data by customized formulas also with the help of the in-built formulas available in the software itself helps to solve minor calculations. It has the potential to create a spreadsheet of raw data into flowcharts, tables and reports to bring a better understanding. The cells are editable which enables to reenter if any changes have to be made. A sales chart can be made in terms of a day, week, month or a year based on their preference. If a company preferred to list down the sales and the stock details in a daily basis, they could include different days tagged in different tabs. While creating different excel documents for different months. Hence, any record can be searched easily with shortcut keys. Meanwhile the SME can keep a good record also record keeping method would be more efficient. SMEs connecting with customers The reason behind low interaction between SMEs and its’ customer is also is to avoid expenses while running business. Bad assumption of SMEs is that communicating to the customers through advertisements are overheads to the company, in fact the attraction gained by the customers would only cause them to have more trade and eventually more profit. To obtain these, SMEs can integrate with modern and IT related communication system which would cost them a lower rate. Method 1 Not only internet can be used as a tool to market but also mobile advertising can be the best and more direct way of approaching to the customer personally. The company can register corporateSMS service from a local telecommunication centre. It helps to forward the same text message with many recipients at the same time. This service can be used to notify the customers for new stock arrivals and so on. News spreads easily, thus a single text message can reach the news to a family and close friends. Overall another 5-10 people would be aware of the news. This makes the direct communication more useful and effective. Method 2 Online marketing is the leading method in modern community. It has become so common that the SMEs also could hire an UI designer to build a platform for their business on the web. This could provide their information regarding the business and products available. Updating the website helps the customers to be familiar with the present availability. There are many web hosting companies which sometimes charge less than $10 per annum. This is quite very few amounts to spend in order to collect more customer and profit to the business. Method 3 Why spend a cent when you can advertise for free? The organization can created a web page about themselves on social networking sites, most common; the Facebook. Owning a page does not require any payment. Numerous amounts of people can search and go through the page as Facebook is in fact, the top rated social networking site where over billions of active users login almost daily. Hence, the chance of more people viewing the page is high and meanwhile, they get to know about the location, service and products available in the organization. The page can be more attractive if company could share pictures of products to make it more helpful the buyers. The details like, history of the organization, mission/vision/objectives and how the customers can contact can also be also included as more details in the information tab provided. Hence this method of online marketing can help to reach more customers without costing any. Method 4 Apart from advertising to the customer, a proof of purchase is required when a customer makes a transaction. In most SMEs a receipt is not provided unless the customer request for it. Hand written slip with a seal of company is how they usually provide it. In my opinion along with sales software they would be able to link to a POS (point of Sales) centre thus a computer generated receipt can be printed through a receipt printer. This method would help both the customer and company to minimize the time of sales. Recommendation Based on the methods mentioned above, my recommendation on how the SMEs could manage their stock is by using a sales software as this is a computer programmed method the chance of mistakes are less compared to using an excel sheet to write down the records manually. Plus, the purchase bill or receipt can be automatically printed after every sales entry if required which leads to a more reliable and quick sale. Thereby, providing the customer a proof and the system detects a sale been done and automatically adjust the balance amount. In the excel sheet this could also be done using the formulas yet it is not reliable if not well maintained. And in most situations daily maintenance cannot be done since the manual work is larger than the automatic level. In case of the sales software technique the normal selling routine goes parallel with the automatic generating of the stock report. It makes the handling procedure much easier and effective. Talking about the marketing point, since Facebook requires none to create a page in the website, this can be easily done to promote its business. This method is the highest effective way because the website is a well-known platform for almost every region. Hence, people around the world will get to know the company and by chance the SMEs could also grow larger in their business according to the income and time. The second best choice I recommend is to register with corporateSMS and to directly approach for customers. This could be done by introducing a visitors’ book and recording the basic information of the customer like; name, contact and preferred item. While the company receives new stock they could text specific group of people with common interest of item, thus the same message can be delivered in bulk. This kind of advertising is more direct and effective. Conclusion Effective communication is the base of the business. If the communication process is reliable then the company can run smoothly. Running a smooth business requires sufficient ways to overcome any conflicts. Any loop holes has to be fixed; starting with the procedure within the company and how to interact with its stakeholders. If a good policy can be retained then the SMEs would also be a well-established part of the society. Rather, having to discontinue soon after starting the business. The success story comes with strong determination; the willingness of a person is all it counts. The report has been highlighted with few methods to improve the existing nature of the SMEs to produce a better procedure to them for their future. Ways in which they could rely on making more profit by spending a small amount of money. Let me conclude by saying that, in my opinion these methods to upgrade the existing techniques followed by SMEs would help them save more time and minimize errors and mistakes from sales maintaining. SMEs can develop their existing communication process within the organization for an efficient and effective system, where they could easily communicate with its customers also within the business community. The opinions mentioned are of low cost also more efficient and convenient to run a small and medium enterprise for a better communication to the organization. How to cite Structure and Culture of Small Medium Enterprises, Essay examples

The Iroquois And The US Constitution Essay free essay sample

The Iroquois And The U.S Constitution Essay, Research Paper Nothing is so cardinal yet so of import to the freedoms we enjoy every bit Americans as the United States Constitution, which guarantees our right to make and state as we please so long as it does no injury. The Iroquois Federation preamble describes the intent of the authorities set up by the authorities in their statements the accent is placed on perfect peace for the public assistance of the people. Their focal point was contending for, the autonomy of the people. Among the Indian states whose ancient seats were within the bounds of our democracy, the Iroquois have long continued to busy the most conspicuous place. The Iroquois flourished in independency, and capable of ego protection, long after the new England and Virginia races had surrendered their legal powers, and fallen into the status of dependant. States they now stand Forth upon the canvas of Indian history prominent likewise for the wisdom of their civil establishments of the conference. We will write a custom essay sample on The Iroquois And The US Constitution Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Merely the Iroquois had a system that seemed to run into most of the demands espoused by the many parties to the arguments the Iroquois surely have a considered the influence on the drafty of our ain fundamental law, and we present twenty-four hours Americans owe them a really big debt. At the clip of the initiation of Iroquois League of state, we have merely the early narratives, which was passed down from coevals until such clip as a written linguistic communication existed. We merely have narratives that were passed down form coevals to coevals until such clip as there was a written linguistic communication and interprets available to enter that early history. Early explores and settler found the Iroquois good set up as they had been for many coevalss with a democratic authorities, with a signifier at faith that acknowledged a Godhead in Eden ; with a strong sense of household which was used on, and controlled by their adult females. In 1744 an Iroquois leader, Canassatege, had an thought. In showing the thought to his assembly, he realized that no 1 was listening to what he had to state. He suggested that they should organize an umbrella group that consisted of 13 settlements. The 13 settlements were derived from the 13 cousins of the Iroquois people. He mentioned each settlement could maintain his authorization and the 13 settlements could talk to each with one voice. Many old ages subsequently the United States household developed this thought the fundamental law. The United States Constitution is the supreme jurisprudence of the land. it was written by the Continental Congress. Every citizen and non-citizens right are guaranteed by the fundamental law. The fundamental law can be changed and these alterations are called Amendments. The first 10 are called the Bill of Rights. There are 26 alterations to the fundamental law. By comparing the Iroquois federation to the Federalist and anti-federalist places one will see that there are many similarities every bit good as the difference among the three. The similarities between the Iroquois an the Federalist allows me to believe that the Iroquois were the 1s responsible for the defining this great state, America. The Adoption of the Fundamental law Washington was nem con chosen president and a secretary was appointed. A few yearss # 8217 ; later regulations of process were adopted. It was determined that each province should hold one ballot in the convention. As was the instance in the Virginians, who had arrived in progress of most of the deputations met often in informal caucus and drafted series of declarations, mostly the work of Madison, which was presented to the convention on by Governor Randolph. The Virginian program, declarations are called, provided for a division of the cardinal authorities into three sections, legislative, executive and judicial. The Virginian program may be called the big province program. it proposed exchanges in the construction and character of the federal authorities so sweeping that they could barely be regarded simply as a serious of amendments of the articles of alliance. Professor Max Farrand, ( the editor of the records of the federal convention ) has compiled from the Hagiographas of the members of the convention. Prior to its meeting, a list of what they regarded as the defects of the Articles of Confederation. His sentiment was based on a elaborate cognition of the proceedings of the convention is that there is small of importance in the fundamental law that did non originate from the attempt to rectify these specific defects. The truth is, that the great rules of the fundamental law proposed by the convention may be considered less as a perfectly now, than as the enlargement of rules which are found in the articles of Confederation. If the new fundamental law, be examined with truth and fairness, it will be found that the alteration which it propose consists much less in the add-on of New powers to the brotherhood, than in the animation of it # 8217 ; s original powers. Bequest of the Iroquois Revolution The Indians decided to negociate a pact at garrison stanwit. This new pact seemed necessary since Great Britain had made no footings for her Indian Alliess in the peace of Paris. They had promised the Mohawks pulp for their assistance in the war ; it seemed clear that Iroquois involvements had been abandoned. In make up ones minding the destiny of the Mohawks and other pro-British Iroquois, the British had played a cardinal function. For a clip, the Mohawks remained on the American side of the Niagara River, and the Senecas offered them land in the Genesse vale. However, Brant and his followings had no desire, to stay in New York. Subsequently, Governor Haldimald consented to buy a piece of land of land at the Bay of Quite for Brant and his people. But the sencas wanted Brant # 8217 ; s people closer, so Halmond secured a 1200-square stat mi piece of land on the Grand River Reserve, some refused to travel frequently they had settled at the Bay of Quinte. The Iroquois were said to be the most powerful people in the eastern forests. Some bookmans wrote that the Iroquois may hold arising every bit early as 1390 Ad, other said that they came between 1450-1500 Ad, it was really hard to state because during that clip no linguistic communication was written and any information collected were passed down from coevals to coevals. The Iroquois were still a strong and independent people at the terminal of the American Revolution. However, the attendant peace was to make even more desolation so the war had done. Land was taken randomly from former Alliess such as the Onedas and Tuscaroras, every bit good as from the folk that had supported the British. It is interesting that the thoughts of the Iroquois Confederacy service as illustrations both far the democratic societies every bit good as for the communist both of the universe # 8217 ; s major political orientation seem to trying to recapture, through theories and assorted establishment, the spirit of the Iroquois Confederacy. America tries to derive liberty through political establishments, while the Communist states are seeking to carry through their end through province planning and national control of the forces of production every bit good as the land and resources. Therefore, the values of the Iroquois Confederacy lived on today, and these same constructs have appalled contemplation in American establishments besides. The United States fundamental law would overthrow the Articles of Confederation in order to give the province more power, but the Bill of Rights that Jefferson and others insisted upon represent the endurance of political freedom and integrity through treatment and consensus. Furthermore, the bequest of Hiawatha and Degonawidah survives among the Iroquois and in the heritage of the American people. The Iroquois federation can be compared to the federalist place because they # 8217 ; re really similar with the exclusion of the one thing. The Iroquois were divided into five states: the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, and the Cayuga. Each state had its ain opinion council. The Mohawks Lords were the caputs and the leaders of the five state # 8217 ; s Confederacy. The Mohawk Lords were besides the substrate of the Great Peace. In footings of their cheques and balances system, the Iroquois people designed a system where no 1 in their authorities will keep excessively much power. The Mohawk Council was divided into three parties to guarantee that each of their powers were non abused or taken advantage of by any of the members. The first party was Ayonhwhatah and Shadekaeiwade, the 2nd party was Sharenhowaneh and Deyoenhegwenh and the 3rd party consist of Dehennakrineh, Aghstawenserethah and Shoskoharowaneh. The duty of the 3rd party was to listen to the determinations of the first and 2nd party. If for some grounds there are mistakes within the determination the instance will so be taken to the Seneca Lord. Each Iroquois state ran its internal personal businesss with a council of elected delegates. They besides sent their delegates to a expansive council, and they ran personal businesss among states. This was a pure Federalist system. Unlike the Federalist, the Iroquois had one legislative system. Bing the scholarly people the Iroquois were, enabled them to manage their issues in a alone mode. A instance of extreme importance prompted the assemblage of the associate assembly underneath the # 8220 ; Tree of Long Leaves. # 8221 ; Womans played a really of import portion in the Iroquois life. When a adult male of Iroquois descent married a adult female, he would travel in with his married woman and her household. Womans owned all the belongings in the long house, and they were in charge of seting and reaping. Even though these adult females had their family jobs to execute, they were held in high respects by the work forces. Iroquois adult females had political power ; they were responsible for taking the work forces that served on the council. Iroquois adult females had a batch of autonomy. The power the Iroquois adult females held enabled them to impeach. Merely a adult female was able to replace an impeached leader. Basically, the formation of the United States was influenced by Iroquois political and philosophical traditions. The thoughts of freedom and equality stimulated and so transformed and transplanted. Europeans, who came to American dirt, were receptive to such constructs because they had in one manner or another repudiated to a grade, the values of the female parent state. Military Iroquois made a part to the formation of the Untied States. Although divided on the issue of American independency, their schemes about frontier combat shaped the head of the youthful, every bit good as the mature, George Washington. Even after the revolution the Iroquois continued to play a cardinal function in forming of the political establishment of America every bit good as the universe. The ideals of the Iroquois Confederacy serve as basis for democratic societies and as an inspiration to the peoples of the universe. In a really existent sense, the bequest of the Revolution was ( and is ) a negative 1 for the Iroquois. Deprived of their land divided on distant reserves in Canada and the United States, the Iroquois had small to joy approximately in the initiation of the United States. The tribal liberty and the followers of the old ways were to be frowned upon by a new authorities. if there was a promise of freedom for the Indians during the American revolution, n it was rapidly discarded for speedy land acquisitions on order to function the involvements of the ungratified white backwoodsmans. Working the legal constructions of the United States every bit good as through demonstrative activities, the Iroquois states are seeking to recover some of their land and protest their rights. They are people with enormous sense of endurance and interior strength. Their continuity as a feasible and cohesive civilization is a memorial to human values that have intending in malice of persecution and licking, by a military strong civilization. The conference of the Iroquois lives on a testimony to freedom, for all that attention to analyze it. Its spirit endures as a vision and a good for improvement of world. Mentions ? Lathom, Earl: The Declaration of Independence and the fundamental law. Revised Edition- Copyright 1956 ? www.law.ou.edu/hist/iroquois.html ? Guide Jr. , Donald A: The Iroquois and the initiation of the American Nation. Copyright 1977 ? Morgan, Henry Lewis: League of the Iroquois ? The American Journey ? Lathom, Earl: The Declaration of Independence and the fundamental law. Revised Edition- Copyright 1956 ? www.law.ou.edu/hist/iroquois.html ? Guide Jr. , Donald A: The Iroquois and the initiation of the American Nation. Copyright 1977 ? Morgan, Henry Lewis: League of the Iroquois ? The American Journey